31 research outputs found
The chloroplast redox-responsive transcriptome of solanaceous plants reveals significant nuclear gene regulatory motifs associated to stress acclimation
Plastid functions depend on the coordinated expression of nuclear genes, many of them associated to developmental and stress response pathways. Plastid-generated signals mediate this coordination via retrograde signaling, which includes sensing of chloroplast redox state and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although it remains a poorly understood process. Chloroplast redox poise and ROS build-up can be modified by recombinant expression of a plastid-targeted antioxidant protein, i.e., cyanobacterial flavodoxin, with the resulting plants displaying increased tolerance to multiple environmental challenges. Here we analysed the transcriptomes of these flavodoxin-expressing plants to study the coordinated transcriptional responses of the nucleus to the chloroplast redox status and ROS levels during normal growth and stress responses (drought or biotic stress) in tobacco and potato, members of the economically important Solanaceae family. We compared their transcriptomes against those from stressed and mutant plants accumulating ROS in different subcellular compartments and found distinct ROS-related imprints modulated by flavodoxin expression and/or stress. By introducing our datasets in a large-scale interaction network, we identified transcriptional factors related to ROS and stress responses potentially involved in flavodoxin-associated signaling. Finally, we discovered identical cis elements in the promoters of many genes that respond to flavodoxin in the same direction as in wild-type plants under stress, suggesting a priming effect of flavodoxin before stress manifestation. The results provide a genome-wide picture illustrating the relevance of chloroplast redox status on biotic and abiotic stress responses and suggest new cis and trans targets to generate stress-tolerant solanaceous crops.Fil: Arce, Rocio Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Carrillo, Nestor Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Pierella Karlusich, Juan JosĂ©. Ecole Normale SupĂ©rieure; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin
Reactive oxygen species generated in chloroplasts contribute to tobacco leaf infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play fundamental roles in plant responses to pathogen infection, including modulation of cell death processes and defense-related gene expression. Cell death triggered as part of the hypersensitive response enhances resistance to biotrophic pathogens, but favors the virulence of necrotrophs. Even though the involvement of ROS in the orchestration of defense responses is well established, the relative contribution of specific subcellular ROS sources to plant resistance against microorganisms with different pathogenesis strategies is not completely known. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of chloroplastic ROS in plant defense against a typical necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. For this purpose, we used transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) lines expressing a plastid-targeted cyanobacterial flavodoxin (pfld lines), which accumulate lower chloroplastic ROS in response to different stresses. Tissue damage and fungal growth were significantly reduced in infected leaves of pfld plants, as compared with infected wild-type (WT) counterparts. ROS build-up triggered by Botrytis infection and associated with chloroplasts was significantly decreased (70–80%) in pfld leaves relative to the wild type. Phytoalexin accumulation and expression of pathogenesis-related genes were induced to a lower degree in pfld plants than in WT siblings. The impact of fungal infection on photosynthetic activity was also lower in pfld leaves. The results indicate that chloroplast-generated ROS play a major role in lesion development during Botrytis infection. This work demonstrates that the modulation of chloroplastic ROS levels by the expression of a heterologous antioxidant protein can provide a significant degree of protection against a canonical necrotrophic fungus.Fil: Rossi, Franco RubĂ©n. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiotecnolĂłgicas. Instituto de Investigaciones BiotecnolĂłgicas ; ArgentinaFil: Krapp, Adriana del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Bisaro, Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. The Queens University of Belfast; IrlandaFil: Maiale, Santiago Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiotecnolĂłgicas. Instituto de Investigaciones BiotecnolĂłgicas ; ArgentinaFil: Pieckenstain, Fernando Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiotecnolĂłgicas. Instituto de Investigaciones BiotecnolĂłgicas ; ArgentinaFil: Carrillo, Nestor Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin
Environmental selection pressures related to iron utilization are involved in the loss of the Flavodoxin Gene from the plant genome
Oxidative stress and iron limitation represent the grim side of life in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. The versatile electron transfer shuttle ferredoxin,aniron-sulfurprotein,isparticularlysensitivetothesehardships,anditsdownregulationunderadverseconditionsseverely compromises survival of phototrophs. Replacement of ferredoxin by a stress-resistant isofunctional carrier, flavin-containing flavodoxin, is a widespread strategy employed by photosynthetic microorganisms to overcome environmental adversities. The flavodoxin gene was lostin the course ofplantevolution, but its reintroduction in transgenicplants confers increased tolerance to environmental stress and iron starvation, raising the question as to whya genetic asset with obvious adaptive value was not kept by natural selection. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the evolutionary history of flavodoxin is intricate, with several horizontal gene transfer events between distant organisms, including Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. The flavodoxin gene is unevenly distributed in most algal lineages, with flavodoxin-containing species being overrepresented in iron-limited regions and scarce or absent in iron-rich environments. Evaluation of cyanobacterial genomic and metagenomic data yielded essentially the same results, indicating that there was little selection pressure to retain flavodoxin in iron-rich coastal/freshwater phototrophs. Our results show a highly dynamic evolution pattern of flavodoxin tightly connected to the bioavailability of iron. Evidence presented here also indicates that the high concentration of iron in coastal and freshwater habitats may have facilitated the loss of flavodoxin in the freshwater ancestor of modern plants during the transition of photosynthetic organisms from the open oceans to the firm land.Fil: Pierella Karlusich, Juan JosĂ©. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Ceccoli, Romina Denis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas; ArgentinaFil: Graña, MartĂn. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; UruguayFil: Romero, HĂ©ctor. Universidad de la Republica; UruguayFil: Carrillo, Nestor Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentin
A Long-Chain Flavodoxin Protects Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Oxidative Stress and Host Bacterial Clearance
Long-chain flavodoxins, ubiquitous electron shuttles containing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as prosthetic group, play an important protective role against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which frequently has to face ROS toxicity in the environment as well as within the host. We identified a single ORF, hereafter referred to as fldP (for flavodoxin from P. aeruginosa), displaying the highest similarity in length, sequence identity and predicted secondary structure with typical long-chain flavodoxins. The gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant product (FldP) could bind FMN and exhibited flavodoxin activity in vitro. Expression of fldP in P. aeruginosa was induced by oxidative stress conditions through an OxyR-independent mechanism, and an fldP-null mutant accumulated higher intracellular ROS levels and exhibited decreased tolerance to H2O2 toxicity compared to wild-type siblings. The mutant phenotype could be complemented by expression of a cyanobacterial flavodoxin. Overexpression of FldP in a mutT-deficient P. aeruginosa strain decreased H2O2-induced cell death and the hypermutability caused by DNA oxidative damage. FldP contributed to the survival of P. aeruginosa within cultured mammalian macrophages and in infected Drosophila melanogaster, which led in turn to accelerated death of the flies. Interestingly, the fldP gene is present in some but not all P. aeruginosa strains, constituting a component of the P. aeruginosa accessory genome. It is located in a genomic island as part of a self-regulated polycistronic operon containing a suite of stress-associated genes. The collected results indicate that the fldP gene encodes a long-chain flavodoxin, which protects the cell from oxidative stress, thereby expanding the capabilities of P. aeruginosa to thrive in hostile environments.Fil: Moyano, Alejandro Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico CĂłrdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En QuĂmica BiolĂłgica de CĂłrdoba (p); ArgentinaFil: Tobares, Romina AlĂn. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico CĂłrdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En QuĂmica BiolĂłgica de CĂłrdoba (p); ArgentinaFil: Rizzi, Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico CĂłrdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En QuĂmica BiolĂłgica de CĂłrdoba (p); ArgentinaFil: Krapp, Adriana del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mondotte, Juan Alberto. Instituto Pasteur; FranciaFil: Bocco, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico CĂłrdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En BioquĂmica ClĂnica E InmunologĂa; ArgentinaFil: Saleh, Maria Carla. Instituto Pasteur; FranciaFil: Carrillo, Nestor Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Smania, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico CĂłrdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En QuĂmica BiolĂłgica de CĂłrdoba (p); Argentin
Expression of a Chloroplast-Targeted Cyanobacterial Flavodoxin in Tomato Plants Increases Harvest Index by Altering Plant Size and Productivity
Tomato is the most important horticultural crop worldwide. Domestication has led to the selection of highly fruited genotypes, and the harvest index (HI), defined as the ratio of fruit yield over total plant biomass, is usually employed as a biomarker of agronomic value. Improvement of HI might then result from increased fruit production and/or lower vegetative growth. Reduction in vegetative biomass has been accomplished in various plant species by expression of flavodoxin, an electron shuttle flavoprotein that interacts with redox-based pathways of chloroplasts including photosynthesis. However, the effect of this genetic intervention on the development of reproductive organs has not been investigated. We show herein that expression of a plastid-targeted cyanobacterial flavodoxin in tomato resulted in significant reduction of plant size affecting stems, leaves, and fruit. Decreased size correlated with smaller cells and was accompanied by higher pigment contents and photosynthetic activities per leaf cross-section. Flavodoxin accumulated in green fruit but declined with ripening. Significant increases in HI were observed in flavodoxin-expressing lines due to the production of higher fruit number per plant in smaller plants. Therefore, overall yields can be enhanced by increasing plant density in the field. Metabolic profiling of ripe red fruit showed that levels of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids were similar or higher in transgenic plants, indicating that there was no trade-off between increased HI and fruit metabolite contents in flavodoxin-expressing plants. Taken together, our results show that flavodoxin has the potential to improve major agronomic traits when introduced in tomato.Fil: Mayta, MartĂn Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Arce, Rocio Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Zurbriggen, Matias Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Valle, Estela Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Hajirezaei, Mohammad Reza. Leibniz Institute Of Plant Genetics And Crop Plant Research.; AlemaniaFil: Zanor, MarĂa InĂ©s. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Carrillo, Nestor Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin
Nitrogen Depletion Blocks Growth Stimulation Driven by the Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Tobacco
Nitric oxide (NO) is a messenger molecule widespread studied in plant physiology. Latter evidence supports the lack of a NO-producing system involving a NO synthase (NOS) activity in higher plants. However, a NOS gene from the unicellular marine alga Ostreococcus tauri (OtNOS) was characterized in recent years. OtNOS is a genuine NOS, with similar spectroscopic fingerprints to mammalian NOSs and high NO producing capacity. We are interested in investigating whether OtNOS activity alters nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen availability, thus improving growth promotion conditions in tobacco. Tobacco plants were transformed with OtNOS under the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing OtNOS accumulated higher NO levels compared to siblings transformed with the empty vector, and displayed accelerated growth in different media containing sufficient nitrogen availability. Under conditions of nitrogen scarcity, the growth promoting effect of the OtNOS expression is diluted in terms of total leaf area, protein content and seed production. It is proposed that OtNOS might possess a plant growth promoting effect through facilitating N remobilization and nitrate assimilation with potential to improve crop plants performance.Fil: Nejamkin, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas; ArgentinaFil: Foresi, Noelia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas; ArgentinaFil: Mayta, MartĂn Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Lodeyro, Anabella Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: del Castello, Fiorella Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas; ArgentinaFil: Correa Aragunde, Maria Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas; ArgentinaFil: Carrillo, Nestor Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Lamattina, Lorenzo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones BiolĂłgicas; Argentin
Epidemiology of Immune-Mediated Glomerulopathies before and after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Tertiary Referral Hospital Experience
SARS-CoV-2; Immune-mediated glomerulopathy; VaccineSARS-CoV-2; GlomerulopatĂa inmunomediada; VacunaSARS-CoV-2; Glomerulopatia immunomediada; VacunaBackground: Vaccination is a known trigger for the appearance of immune-mediated glomerulopathies (IMG). The appearance of IMG after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with suspected causality has been described. Our aim is to analyze the incidence of IMG flares before and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in our center. Methods: All persons with native kidney biopsy (KB) from January 2019 to March 2022 in our center were included in the study. We compared the incidence of IMG before and after the start of vaccination. We also collected information about whether the patients had received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine or have suffered from COVID in the six weeks before the IMG. We also evaluated the analytical characteristics of the outbreaks. Results: A total of 386 KB were studied. Of them, 86/218 (39.4%) were IMG performed pre- and 85/168 (50.6%) post-SV (029). The incidence of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), studied separately, was also significantly increased post-vaccination (n = 18 (10.7%)) compared to pre-vaccination (n = 11 (5%)) (p = 0.036). There were no differences in the incidence of vasculitis or IgA nephropathy. Up to 17 (20%) flares occurred 6 weeks before SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and only 2 (2.4%) within the first 6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Within those 17 flares, the most common diagnosis was IgAN (n = 5 (29.4%)); a total of 14 (82.4%) received an mRNA vaccine and 9 (52.9%) took place after the 1st vaccine dose. There were 13 cases of minimal change disease (MCD) with debut/recurrence pre-SV and 20 MCD with debut/recurrence post-SV (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The incidence of IMG, INS and MCD flares in our center increased significantly after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Importantly, 20% of IMG flares took place within the first 6 weeks after receiving a vaccine dose, with the first dose being the riskiest one and IgAN the most frequent diagnosis.This research was funded by ISCIIII-FEDER and ISCIII-RETICS REDinREN, grant numbers PI17/00257, PI21/01292, RICORS RD21/0005/0016, MaratĂł TV3 2020 421/C/2020, MaratĂł TV3 2021 215/C/2021, and ERA-PerMed-JTC 2022 (ONAKI-ICI AC22/00029)
InvestigaciĂłn en Matemáticas, EconomĂa, Ciencias Sociales y AgronomĂa
Cada trabajo del libro incluye conclusiones para los interesados en las temáticas aludidas y en ellos nos enteramos de aspectos como los siguientes: - El mayor incremento del precio de los insumos como el maĂz, sorgo y en menor medida desperdicio de pan, en relaciĂłn con el menor crecimiento del precio del ganado en pie, dará como consecuencia un desabasto de carne bovina. - El agua es un recurso primordial en las zonas áridas y semiáridas de MĂ©xico, en tanto que su aporte limita la producciĂłn de la agricultura. En este estudio se observĂł que el precio real del agua es muy bajo en relaciĂłn a otras zonas agrĂcolas del mundo. - Hoy en dĂa en el paĂs se consumen alrededor de 718 mil barriles diarios de gasolinas, un aproximado de 113.7 millones de litros, una cantidad tan grande que nuestro paĂs se ve en la necesidad de importar cerca del 39 % de las gasolinas que consumimos. - Los jaliscienses radicados en Estados Unidos tienen una mayor capacidad de financiamiento del bienestar en la entidad, que el propio gobierno de ese estado. - MĂ©xico continuará basando sus finanzas pĂşblicas y su polĂtica de desarrollo econĂłmico en la extracciĂłn de combustibles fĂłsiles (petrĂłleo). Este modelo acelerará el deterioro y agotamiento de los recursos naturales. -La importancia de la agricultura orgánica radica en que retoma los tres ámbitos de la sustentabilidad; el ámbito ambiental, el econĂłmico y el social. - Es fundamental motivar la organizaciĂłn de los productores de haba para que ellos puedan captar una mayor proporciĂłn de los altos márgenes de precios que los consumidores están dispuestos a pagar. - Las condiciones del clima afectan a la producciĂłn agraria. Debido al fenĂłmeno de cambio climático, es necesario contar con herramientas informáticas que proporcionen informaciĂłn climatolĂłgica para poder tomar medidas preventivas a favor de una mayor cantidad y calidad de producciĂłn. La herramienta de software permite la consulta del clima por localidades evitando la necesidad de contar con una estaciĂłn meteorolĂłgica
Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years
Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study
Summary
Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally.
Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies
have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of
the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income
countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality.
Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to
hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis,
exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a
minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical
status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary
intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause,
in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status.
We did a complete case analysis.
Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital
diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal
malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome
countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male.
Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3).
Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income
countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups).
Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome
countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries;
p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients
combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11],
p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20
[1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention
(ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety
checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed
(ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of
parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65
[0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality.
Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome,
middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will
be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger
than 5 years by 2030